Clovis WITHFIELD
It is great to get sight again of Caravaggio’s original Capture of Christ, locked away in an almost endless legal process for the last near twenty years.
Now until mid January this former star of the Mattei collection is on view in the Palazzo Chigi at Ariccia. We can think of it as the first of a series taken from the Gospels, for which there would always be always more episodes to be run. The Galleria at Palazzo Mattei would inspire many other productions, and the idea of using actors to take their parts in a play whose plot everyone knew was a sensational way of telling the story. How different it was for Del Monte to promote the exploration of Nature, for although he opened the door (at San Luigi dei Francesi) for the evangelical application of Caravaggio’s talents, he himself could no longer compete for more of the aesthetic masterpieces that he had got from the artist at the outset. He was actually more of a philosophante, more interested in the phenomena of nature, alchemy, and the skills and innovations of a self-taught artist, than a production to make the Gospels so lifelike that it could give the illusion of actually being present during this sacred narrative. Despite Caravaggio’s inspired use of living people in the Contarelli Chapel, it was a challenging task, and the multiple pentimenti that have emerged in the original in x-rays and infrared imaging show what a tremendous struggle it was to assemble his cast, one by one, in order to observe each precisely. The juxtaposition of his actors conflicted with the need a Cinquecento artist had to represent each person fully without overlapping, as this was usually how a professional would assess each complete figure.
Del Monte’s attitude towards his paintings was quite different, as he would jealously guard them, believing that publication (or copying) would diminish their value. So while the artist was celebrated throughout Europe and Del Monte’s collection became legendary, there were few actual copies of the primary pieces, and it was more by mouth that the word spread. Despite this, the musical subjects and Caravaggio’s ‘moments from life’ had before this the greatest following, particularly among those Northerners who had traveled to Rome following the fame of this new perception. Ciriaco and Girolamo Mattei on the other hand were sold (by Prospero Orsi) on the idea of using this new angle of perception to recreate the famous episodes of the Gospels, to make them more accessible to people of less faith than themselves. Although the Church had always used images to play this script, this was the first time that the story was so lifelike ‘essendo le teste ritratte dal naturale’ as Celio put it. The Mattei instead wished to spread the word, and had copies made that they distributed to relatives with the evangelical zeal that came from complete conviction in the cause. The primary inspiration for this new use for Caravaggio’s incredible facility with the tangible was the Incredulity of St Thomas that Giovanni Baglione tells us was done for Ciriaco Mattei, and earned the artist ‘many hundreds of scudi’. For Ciriaco and Cardinal Girolamo Mattei this sparked the communication of a belief made real, and this was the inspiration for the series that told the sacred story. It also fired up Benedetto Giustiniani, when he returned from his legation mission to Bologna in 1606, to commission a series of large upright episodes from the Gospels, three metres high, from Northern artists in Rome, like Terbrugghen, Baburen and Honthorst, all done ‘from the life’.
Giustiniani also owned a version, by Caravaggio himself, of the Incredulity of St Thomas (Del Monte only secured a copy). It is paradoxical that the painting that for long has represented the telling quality of Caravaggio’s original Capture is the version always known in the Mattei family as a work by Honthorst, but evidently closer to the master’s hand than the long admired picture in Odessa. The Incredulity and the Capture were repeatedly copied, but with the intention of spreading the communication skills that they offered; more than fifty versions of the first are known, many also of the Capture. The French ambassador de Béthune, who was in Rome at this time (1601-1605) took back with him to Paris versions of these paintings that were regarded as telling as the originals, and evidently conveyed the intended message that Caravaggio had captured. .
Only this canvas of the Capture of Christ now exhibited in Ariccia has the dimensions of the others in the series from the Mattei gallery, the Serodine of Christ disputing with the Doctors, (Louvre), his Tribute Money in the Louvre, Pietro da Cortona’s Adoration of the Shepherds (Palazzo Barberini), Christ and the Adulteress in Detroit, Valentin de Boulogne’s Last Supper (Palazzo Barberini), St Peter and Paul led to Martyrdom (Palazzo Barberini) and the Sacrifice of Isaac in the same collection. And what we have come to know of Caravaggio’s technique has been recognised in the painting exhibited at Ariccia, both on the surface and through x-rays and infrared reflectography. The many versions that were done, some perhaps even by the artist himself, are all in the format then described as riquadrato, that of the smaller rectangle (‘six palmi’). of the Dublin version. The 50 cm less on one side curtails the dramatic exit left of the actor playing St. John. Today it is evidently more important to establish forensically which is the first, but this is made easier through the recovery of the artist’s idiosyncratic technique, and the faithfulness to reality that makes each passage a personal observation of an event. We owe it to him to watch as closely as he observed what it was he was seeing, for not only is it touching to read the life of the actor playing Judas through the scar on his hand, but the work also bears all the signs of the struggle the artist had in assembling these characters, and directing their performances. It is incidentally manifestly unrelated to the earlier Supper in Emmaus (National Gallery) which has been unnecessarily associated with the Mattei payment of 7 January 1602. Instead it is likely that that was for the painting Baglione refers to with the Incredulity as of ‘quando N. Signore andò in Emmaus’, which coincides with the painting in the Royal Collection. He saw three paintings done for Ciriaco, the patron that Prospero Orsi had introduced him to. And when the third painting he saw at the same time (followed by Bellori in 1664) surfaces, that of St John the Baptist, the consistent appearance of this group of paintings will be quite obvious.
It is interesting that he was still an artisan, and his mastery of materials is evident in the frame that he supplied – as he did with many paintings – and there is no reason to suppose it was done by anyone else. This is the black frame with arabesque decoration that is described in many of the early Roman inventories, but particularly named in the Mattei accounts as having been supplied with the painting in January 1603, His predecessor in Peterzano’s workshop in Milan was contracted to paint fans, and not all apprenticeships there led to a career in history painting. The artist’s ability to replicate patterns, as around the Medusa shield, was a facility that he had learnt in the bottega d’arte that his mother entrusted him to in Milan in April 1584. We should look for more of this side of his ability as an artisan rather than the pursuit of iconography anatomy, perspective, which he consistently skirted. He achieved his ‘pura imitazione del vero’ by placing his actors, like the fruit and flowers he had practised with, successively in the same position in the light and place he had arranged, creating a mosaic of observed reality. Inevitably it also resulted in the spatial conflicts that we sense in the Capture, a crowding he would manage to avoid in some later works. He was however great at casting, crucial since he could not create a different appearance than that of the actor whom he had chosen to play the part. This was after all a test episode, with more scenes to follow. Just as Vincenzo Giustiniani reported that it was just as much trouble for him to paint a still-life as a figure, his reading was as disciplined when he was doing the arabesque round the Medusa as he was when he was painting the snakes. A whole crowd of pittorecoli as Celio disparagingly calls them, came to gawp and wonder how it was done in San Luigi dei Francesi, and went away trying to imitate, producing the phenomenon called Caravaggism.
This new screening happened first with the Incredulity of St Thomas, and there is no need to doubt Baglione when he says it was done for Ciriaco, when he secured ‘hundreds of scudi’ from this new patron its success set the tone of the Galleria at Palazzo Mattei,. Over fifty versions of the Incredulity exist, characterising the evangelical advertising that the Mattei would encourage. The gallery at Palazzo Mattei would be rivalled by that of Benedetto Giustiniani, who when he came back from his legation to Bologna in 1606, embarked on a similar array of pictures illustrating the Gospels, this time vertical paintings (some three metres by two), by the new wave of Northern painters such as Terbrugghen, Honthorst, Baburen, who came to Rome and tried to emulate the dramatic success that Caravaggio had had with painting ‘dal naturale’. It is ironic that the star of the Mattei Gallery, the Capture of Christ should have been for years represented by the version that Honthorst must have made of it, that was sold by the family in 1802. It is clear that the painting bought then by Hamilton Nisbet was described as Honthorst’s, and the family must have recalled that they had previously disposed of the original, for the price they asked (40 scudi) did not suggest it was also Caravaggio’s. But it and all the other editions (there were many) , all sanctioned by the Mattei, were in the reduced format.to hang in other settings that did not have the space for the running narrative from the Gospels that the patrons were so excited to recreate in the Galleria. The edited copies still gave some of that frisson of naturalism of the original Caravaggios and where they landed were the first intimations of the revolution that had happened.
So although the appearance of the original Capture of Christ has undoubtedly been affected by the adventures it has been through, (no less than many other Caravaggios) and the sophistication that is evident from the scientific analyses undertaken is not completely rescued, it is still just as telling, this is the landmark work that it always was. This series from the Gospels would have a great future, there were always more episodes to be run, not all by Netflix.
Italian abstract